Portable browsing interface for information retrieval

ABSTRACT

An integrated searching/browsing mechanism employs user-constructed information hierarchies that represent a cognitive framework for the organization of information. The hierarchies are independent of the information itself. This feature permits them to be shared among multiple users, and applied to any of a variety of different sources of information. The hierarchical organization that is provided by the framework gives the user the ability to browse around any available document database in a manner that is intuitive to the user. Two or more hierarchies can be combined to locate documents which match the criteria of both hierarchies, and thereby refine search results to an appropriate level. A relevance feedback mechanism further enhances the browsing experience, by concentrating the search results in areas that are most relevant to documents selected as being of particular interest.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/406,439,filed Apr. 4, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,613,684, issued Nov. 3, 2009,which is a continuation application of application Ser. No. 10/150,086,filed May 20, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,574,620, issued Jun. 3, 2003,which is a continuation application of application Ser. No. 09/176,116,filed Oct. 21, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,418,429, issued Jul. 9, 2002.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to information retrieval systems, andmore particularly to an integrated searching/browsing retrieval systemthat combines the functionality of a full-text search engine with theflexibility of a browser.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

As greater amounts of information continue to be stored on, and accessedby, computerized information services, mechanisms which enable a user tolocate and review information of interest become a critical component ofan information retrieval system. Typically, one of two different typesof mechanisms is employed by users to access documents that are relevantto their needs or interests. One such mechanism is the hierarchicalbrowser, which permits the user to view groups of documents and identifythe documents within the context in which they are stored. If a documentof interest is located, related documents can be easily found as well,because the user is provided with the ability to look in areassurrounding the document of interest to see other documents that arestored with it. Hierarchical browsers are essentially one dimensional,in that a single tree-like structure is provided for navigating amongdocuments. This mechanism may be acceptable for single-user systems, inwhich the user authored the hierarchy. However, in multi-user systems,such as news databases, help lines, work group databases, and the like,not all users may find the single hierarchy to be cognitively intuitive,and therefore may have difficulty navigating through the hierarchy tofind documents of interest.

The other type of retrieval mechanism, namely a full-text search engine,permits users to enter queries, and respond to those queries byreturning document titles. These titles may be accompanied by relevancerankings or other indicators of the degree to which each documentcorresponds to the query. The document titles are typically presented tothe user in the form of a list that may be sorted by relevance rankings,and do not provide any information regarding the context of thedocuments in the full database of information. Furthermore, they do notgive the user the ability to browse through the spaces that are occupiedby the listed documents, to locate related documents which were notselected as a result of the query. Such systems tend to work best forusers who are looking for specific information, and they require acertain level of skill in constructing appropriate queries, since theresults are highly dependent upon the terms which the user employs as anexpression of interest.

It is an objective of the present invention to provide a documentretrieval mechanism that offers the functionality of a full-text searchengine, to enable a user to readily identify documents meeting thatuser's criteria, while at the same time offering the flexibility of abrowser, to permit the user to locate related documents that may notmatch a specific query but which may nevertheless be of interest to theuser.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with the foregoing objective, the present inventionprovides an integrated searching/browsing mechanism that enables usersto construct information hierarchies that represent a cognitiveframework for the organization of information, and to apply thosehierarchies to any database of information. With this approach, the useris provided with the ability to navigate any available document databasein a manner that is intuitive to that user. Furthermore, a user cancombine two or more hierarchies to locate documents which match thecriteria of both hierarchies, to further refine the collection ofdocuments that are presented to the user. A significant feature of thisapproach is that the hierarchies can be constructed and appliedindependently of any particular document collection.

The information retrieval system of the invention is comprised of threemain components. Dimension files represent information hierarchiesconstructed by users. A search and indexing system indexes informationand returns lists of documents in accordance with the hierarchicalstructure defined in the dimension files. A user interface enables theuser to specify the information to be retrieved, and provides the userwith the ability to browse through various hierarchical levels ofinformation. A system comprised of these components can be applied to avariety of different sources of information.

The system of the present invention enables users to view any collectionof documents via a cognitive framework, as represented by browserhierarchies, which is useful, meaningful and comfortable to the users.It also permits the users to switch from one browser hierarchy toanother, or to combine hierarchies in a single browsing experience. As aresult, the user is able to browse over independent documentcollections, rather than being required to perform targeted searchesthat may limit the information presented to the user.

Further features of the invention, as well as the advantages achievedthereby, are described in detail hereinafter with reference to anembodiment illustrated in the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a general block diagram of an embodiment of an informationretrieval system in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 2 is an example of a hierarchical structure of folders that is usedto create a dimension file;

FIG. 3 is an illustration of a window containing a number of dimensionfiles;

FIGS. 4-7 illustrate examples of the user interface and search resultsprovided to a user during information retrieval sessions;

FIG. 8 is a flow chart illustrating the basic operation of theinformation retrieval system of the present invention; and

FIG. 9 is an exemplary hierarchy which illustrates the relevancefeedback feature of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following description of the invention is made with reference tospecific embodiments, to facilitate an understanding of the features andprinciples of the invention. For instance, examples of searchhierarchies are given with respect to categories of products in which auser might be interested. It will be appreciated, however, that thesespecific examples are merely illustrative of one application of theinvention, and that the features of the invention have a broad range ofapplicability to a variety of different types of information, anddifferent categorizations of that information.

An embodiment of an information retrieval system which is based upon theprinciples of the present invention is illustrated in the block diagramof FIG. 1. The three main components of the system comprise a clientapplication 10, one or more dimension files 12, and a search andindexing system 14. These components interact with one or moreinformation sources 16, such as news databases, on-line productcatalogs, help files, etc., to present documents of interest to theuser. In the context of the present invention, the term “document”connotes any searchable quantum of data that is presented to the user asa unit of information. Thus, for example, a document could be aconventional text file, a graphics image, an FTP file, etc.

The client application 10 executes on the user's computer (not shown).Preferably, this application is stored together with the dimension fileson a suitable computer-readable medium associated with that computer,e.g. a magnetic disk. The search and indexing system 14 could also berunning on the user's computer, or on a different computer to which theuser's computer is connected, such as a network server. The informationsources 16 might also be stored on the user's computer, but moretypically would be associated with one or more servers to which theuser's computer is connected.

The dimension files 12 represent browsing hierarchies that define therelationship between various search criteria, in a manner that iscomprehensible to the user. The hierarchies represented by the dimensionfiles can be created by the users themselves, as described in detailhereinafter, or they can be preexisting hierarchies having a structureabout which the user is knowledgeable.

The client application 10 provides the interface via which the userselects one or more browser hierarchies from the dimension files 12, aswell as the information sources 16 that are to be examined for documentsof interest. The search and indexing system 14 constructs an index ofeach of the information sources 16, in a known manner. The search andindexing system can be any suitable conventional type of search enginethat is capable of accepting compound boolean requests. Once a user hasselected one or more information sources to be searched and theappropriate browser hierarchies to be employed in searching theinformation, the search and indexing system 14 returns a list of thedocuments which meet the browsing criteria. These returned documents arethen displayed to the user via the interface provided by the client 10.

Each dimension file 12 corresponds to a browser having a structure thatrepresents various levels of information in a hierarchical relationshipthat is determined by the user's personal preferences regarding theorganization and content of information. In a preferred embodiment ofthe invention, the user can construct a browser hierarchy by creating aseries of empty, nested folders within the graphical user interface of acomputer's operating system. One example of such a user interface is theFinder component of the Macintosh Operating System, distributed by AppleComputer, Inc. By means of such an interface, the user can create aseries of folders that are nested within one another in a manner thatcorresponds to a desired hierarchy. For instance, FIG. 2 illustrates anexample of folders that represent a browser hierarchy entitled “Market”.The first level under the main browser category heading contains threeitems, namely “Business”, “Education” and “Home”. The Home categorycontains a further sublevel comprising the “Family” and “Home Office”categories.

To construct this browser hierarchy, the user first creates an emptyfolder labeled “Market”. Within this folder, the user then creates threefolders respectively labeled “Business”, “Education” and “Home”. The“Home” folder contains two further folders labeled “Family” and “HomeOffice”. Once the folder hierarchy has been completed, the highest levelfolder, in this case the “Market” folder, is imported into theinformation retrieval system, to create a corresponding dimension file.The importation of the folder hierarchy into the system might be carriedout by means of a suitable command on the user interface, for example.In response to the selection of such a command, the informationretrieval system examines the hierarchical structure of the folders, andcreates a dimension file which defines this structure.

The dimension files contain terms which characterize content to begathered within the hierarchies. For the particular example depicted inFIG. 2, the dimension file contains a list of terms that correspond tothe names given to the folders (“business”, “education,” etc.), in amanner that identifies their hierarchical relationship to one another.These are the terms that are used by the search engine to constructqueries for the information retrieval process, as described below.

The “Market” dimension file represents one approach that the useremploys to categorize information. In a similar manner, other dimensionfiles are created by the user to represent other approaches toinformation content that are intuitive to that user. FIG. 3 illustratesan example of various dimension files that may have been established bya given user to search for information of interest.

One of the significant advantages of the dimension files is that theyare created independently of any particular source of information. Thisfeature enables them to be portable, so that their inherent structurecan be applied to information from a variety of different sources. As aresult, the user can carry the client application 10 and the dimensionfiles 12 to any suitable information source, e.g., a library, and usethem to search documents in a manner that is comfortable to that user.Furthermore, because of their portability, the dimension file can beshared by several users, and distributed to all the members of a groupor enterprise.

In the operation of the system, the terms at the various levels of thehierarchy are used to construct queries upon which the search system 14operates to retrieve relevant documents from selected informationsources. More particularly, the terms that the user employs inconstructing the browser hierarchy, e.g., the names of the folders, formcomponents of the query. The actual terms which are used in the queryare dependent upon a level within the hierarchy that is selected by theuser. If the user selects the lowest level in the hierarchy, only theterm associated with that level is employed in the query. Conversely, ifthe user selects the highest level in the hierarchy, each of the termsin that selected level and all levels below it are employed in thesearch query. For instance, all of the terms can be joined with boolean“OR” operators, to retrieve all documents that contain any of the teemsin the selected level and all dependent levels of the browser hierarchy.This operation is explained in greater detail hereinafter with referenceto specific examples that are illustrated in FIGS. 4-7.

FIG. 4 is an illustration of the user interface that is initiallyprovided to the user when the client application 10 is opened. The upperleft portion of this interface contains a pop-up menu 20 via which theuser can select the information sources that are to be searched. In thisparticular example, the user has selected an information source entitled“NewsCore Mirror”. Although this particular example illustrates a singleinformation source, the user can select any number of informationsources to be searched during a given session.

Once the user has selected the appropriate information sources, thehierarchical browsers to be used in the searching of those informationsources are selected. The available browsers, which correspond to thedimension files, are listed in a window pane 22 on the right side of theinterface. It can be seen that these browsers correspond to thedimension files illustrated in FIG. 3. In addition to the dimensionfiles that were created by users, a “date” browser is added to theuser-specified list. This browser provides a list of dates in bothrelative form (e.g. 1 week ago, 1 month ago, etc.) and in absolute form.

The window pane 22 includes a suitable arrow button, or other equivalentform of control element, which permits the user to view the variouslevels of each browser hierarchy. FIG. 5 illustrates an example in whichthe user has activated the button for the “Market” hierarchy, therebycausing the next level of components in that browser to be displayed inthe window pane 22. The activation of this button also causes the“Market” browser to be selected for use in the search. This selection isindicated on the left side of the interface, under the informationsource. In the particular example of FIG. 5, within the “Market”browser, the user has further selected the subcategory for the homemarket, and then further specified the family market.

Once these selections have been made by the user, the documents withinthe chosen information source(s) which correspond to the browserselections are displayed in a search results window pane 24. Thesedocuments are selected by means of a query which is presented to thesearch and indexing system 14. Referring to the hierarchy illustrated inFIG. 2, the particular browser level chosen by the user, i.e. “Family”,is at the lowest level of its corresponding branch of the hierarchy. Inthis case, the query that is presented to the search and indexing system14 comprises the term at this level. In other words, the search andindexing system conducts a search of the information source for alldocuments that contain, or otherwise relate to, the term “Family”. Thesedocuments are then displayed in the search results window pane 24. Inaddition to the titles of the documents, any other information that maybe useful to the user can be displayed in the search results pane, suchas size, date, etc. From this list, the user can select any individualdocument and review it in a separate window, in a known manner.

The user can expand the search by selecting a higher level within thebrowser hierarchy. For example, if the user moves up one level to selectthe “Home” category, the search and indexing system 14 then institutes asearch for all documents which contain, or relate to, the word “Home”,as well as the terms which appear in all lower levels of the hierarchythat depend from the “Home” level. In this particular case, the searchand indexing system 14 would locate documents that relate to the terms“Home”, “Family” and “Home Office”. By means of this approach, it can beseen that the present invention provides an information retrieval systemwhich enables the user to institute a targeted search, by selecting aparticular level within the browser, but also provides the flexibilityto locate related documents according to the hierarchical structure ofthe browser, simply by moving to different levels. The browser interfaceprovides the user with a convenient mechanism to expand or contract thesearch query, while remaining within the context originally establishedby the browser hierarchy.

If the search results did not identify the particular types of documentsthe user was looking for, or if the user simply desires to take adifferent approach to searching the documents, it is possible to switchto a different browser from among those which are available. In thismanner, the same source of information can be viewed from a variety ofdifferent perspectives.

To further refine the search results, the user can combine multiplebrowsers which organize the information in different manners. Forinstance, FIG. 6 illustrates an example in which the user has selected asecond browser entitled “Products”. In this case, the documentsappearing in the window pane 24 are limited to those which meet thecriteria set forth by the selected level of both browsers. In otherwords, the search and indexing system 14 performs a boolean “AND”operation on the query terms provided by the respective browsers. Byselecting multiple browsers in this manner, complex and specific searchcriteria can be generated without requiring the user to know how toconstruct boolean searches or to be familiar with the vocabulary of theparticular document collection that is being searched.

In the example of FIG. 6, the user has selected the “All” categorywithin the Products browser. This selection indicates that everysubcategory within the “Desktop Systems” category is to be includedwithin the browsing criteria. Thus, the browsing hierarchies that areemployed in the context of the present invention are true hierarchies,in the sense that the selection of any given level within a hierarchycauses all points beneath that selected level to be contained within thesearch specification. For instance, FIG. 7 illustrates an example inwhich the user has chosen to include all African countries in the searchspecification, rather than specifying one or more particular countries.

To summarize the general operation of the information retrieval systemof the present invention, a brief functional overview is provided in theflow chart of FIG. 8. Once the information retrieval system isactivated, it first awaits selection of one or more information sourcesby the user, at step 30. After the user has selected the informationsource(s), the system looks for a selection of an available browserhierarchy, at step 32. Once a hierarchy, and more specifically aparticular level within the hierarchy has been selected, the systemexamines the hierarchy at step 34 and constructs a query of the termscontained at the selected level of the hierarchy and all lower levelswhich depend from it. These various terms are connected by means ofboolean “OR” operators. At step 36, a determination is made whethermultiple browsers have been selected. If so, each browser is examined toconstruct a query, as in step 34, and the queries from all of thebrowsers are then combined by means of boolean “AND” operators at step38. Once the construction of the query in this manner has beencompleted, the search engine 14 is called at step 40, and the query isprovided to it. If needed, the search engine is also informed of theinformation source(s) to be searched with that query. After the searchis completed, the search engine returns the results to the clientapplication 10, and they are displayed hi the window pane 24, at step42.

To further enhance the user's experience of browsing a documentcollection, as opposed to executing a targeted search, the informationretrieval system can analyze a selected document to identify branches ofthe browsing hierarchy with which that document is most closelyassociated. This feature of the invention is explained with reference tothe exemplary hierarchy illustrated in FIG. 9. In this particularexample, the user has selected a browser hierarchy, or a level within ahierarchy, that relates to handheld computing products. The firstsublevel contains two entries, namely “Palmtop Computers” and “PocketDevices”. Each of these two subcategories contains further subsidiarylevels, as shown.

Once a search is conducted in accordance with the selected level of thebrowser hierarchy and the search results are displayed, the user canselect one of the documents in the displayed results. The contents ofthat given document are examined, to determine how many times each ofthe terms in the relevant hierarchy appear within the document. Ineffect, a reverse indexing approach is employed, in which the words inthe document are compared against the terms in the browser hierarchy, todetermine which of those terms appears most frequently. In the exampleof FIG. 9, the number of times each term appears in a selected documentis indicated in parentheses. Thus, the term “Model 2000” appeared threetimes, and the terms “Model 3000” and “PDA” each appeared once. For eachlevel of the hierarchy above the lowest level, the values for each ofits dependent levels are summed. In the illustrated example, therefore,the category “Palmtop Computers” is given a value of 4, and the category“Pocket Device” has a value of 1.

The values that are associated with the levels in the hierarchy identifythe concepts in the hierarchy that are most frequently mentioned in theselected document. These values can be displayed on the interface, toprovide feedback to the user on the type of relevance associated withthe document. From this information, the user can modify the selectionwithin the browser hierarchy. For instance, in the example of FIG. 9,the user might change the selection from the more general “HandheldProducts” category to the more specific “Palmtop Computers” category. Asa result of this change, the user is provided with the capability tomore easily browse other documents that are nearby, or more closelyrelated to, the selected document.

As an alternative, rather than display the results that are obtainedthrough this analysis, the client application could automaticallyreposition the browsing hierarchy to the location that most closelycorresponds to the selected document's location, as indicated by thecomputed values.

From the foregoing, it can be seen that the present invention providesan information retrieval system that allows users to employ anyknowledge that they may have about the information they are looking forto construct a cognitive framework within which to locate thatinformation. This framework, in the form of browser hierarchies, isindependent of the actual information to be searched, and therefore canbe readily distributed to various users and applied to different sourcesof information as desired. Furthermore, the user has the continualability to switch among alternative browsers, combine multiple browsers,and create additional contextual hierarchies, to fit any particularsituation. By using these hierarchies to locate potentially relevantdocuments, the user is able to browse in spaces around those documentsthat are organized in accordance with the cognitive frameworkestablished by the user.

It will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that thepresent invention can be embodied in various specific forms withoutdeparting from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. Thepresently disclosed embodiments are considered in all respects to beillustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the invention isindicated by the appended claims, rather than the foregoing description,and all changes that come within the meaning and range of equivalencethereof are intended to be embraced.

1. An information retrieval system, comprising: a plurality of filesstored in memory, each defining a different hierarchical relationshipsof terms describing an organizational framework for information; a userinterface which permits a user to select a level within each of at leasttwo of the different hierarchical relationships; a search querygenerator responsive to the selection of the level within each of the atleast two different hierarchical relationships to construct individualsearch queries of terms that are based upon the selected levels, andcombine the individual search queries of terms to form a search querythat is provided to a search engine, wherein the search engine searchesa source of information to locate documents which correspond to thesearch query; and a display which displays information about the locateddocuments to the user.
 2. The information retrieval system of claim 1,wherein at least one of the individual search queries contains the termat the selected level of the hierarchical relationship and terms fromlower levels of the hierarchical relationship which depend from theselected level.
 3. The information retrieval system of claim 2, whereinthe terms are combined by boolean “OR” operators to form the at leastone of the individual search queries.
 4. The information retrievalsystem of claim 1, wherein the user interface permits the user to selectone or more sources of information to be searched.
 5. The informationretrieval system of claim 1, wherein the individual search queries arecombined by boolean “AND” operators to form the search query.
 6. Theinformation retrieval system of claim 1, wherein the display displaysvalues which identify the relevance of a document to levels in theselected hierarchies, in accordance with information provided by thesearch engine that is based upon analysis of the document among thelocated documents to determine which of the terms in a hierarchy saiddocument most closely relates to.
 7. The information retrieval system ofclaim 6, wherein the user interface automatically selects a level withinthe hierarchy in accordance with the analysis of a selected document. 8.A method for locating documents within a source of information,comprising the steps of: defining, in a computer, a plurality ofdifferent hierarchical relationships of terms describing anorganizational framework for information; selecting, in a userinterface, a level within each of at least two of the differenthierarchical relationships; constructing, in a search query generatorresponsive to the selection of the level within each of the at least twodifferent hierarchical relationships, individual search queries of termsthat are based upon the selected levels, and combining the individualsearch queries of terms to form a search query that is provided to asearch engine; searching, by the search engine, a source of informationto locate documents which correspond to the search query; anddisplaying, on a display, information about the located documents to theuser.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein at least one of the individualsearch queries contains the term at the selected level of thehierarchical relationship and terms from lower levels of thehierarchical relationship which depend from the selected level.
 10. Themethod of claim 9, wherein the terms are combined by boolean “OR”operators to form the at least one of the individual search queries. 11.The method of claim 8, wherein the user interface permits the user toselect one or more sources of information to be searched.
 12. The methodof claim 8, wherein the individual search queries are combined byboolean “AND” operators to form the search query.
 13. The method ofclaim 8, further including the step of analyzing a selected documentamong the located documents to determine which of the terms in ahierarchy said selected document most closely relates to.
 14. The methodof claim 13, further including the step of displaying values whichidentify the relevance of the selected document to levels in theselected hierarchy.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the userinterface automatically selects a level within the hierarchy inaccordance with the analysis of a selected document.
 16. Acomputer-readable recording medium storing a program which causes acomputer to execute the steps of: defining, in a computer, a pluralityof different hierarchical relationships of terms describing anorganizational framework for information; selecting, in a userinterface, a level within each of at least two of the differenthierarchical relationships; constructing, in a search query generatorresponsive to the selection of the level within each of the at least twodifferent hierarchical relationships, individual search queries of termsthat are based upon the selected levels, and combining the individualsearch queries of terms to form a search query that is provided to asearch engine; searching, by the search engine, a source of informationto locate documents which correspond to the search query; anddisplaying, on a display, information about the located documents to theuser.
 17. The computer-readable recording medium of claim 16, wherein atleast one of the individual search queries contains the term at theselected level of the hierarchical relationship and terms from lowerlevels of the hierarchical relationship which depend from the selectedlevel.
 18. The computer-readable recording medium of claim 17, whereinthe terms are combined by boolean “OR” operators to form the at leastone of the individual search queries.
 19. The computer-readablerecording medium of claim 16, wherein the user interface permits theuser to select one or more sources of information to be searched. 20.The computer-readable recording medium of claim 16, wherein theindividual search queries are combined by boolean “AND” operators toform the search query.
 21. The computer-readable recording medium ofclaim 16, further including the step of analyzing a selected documentamong the located documents to determine which of the terms in ahierarchy said selected document most closely relates to.
 22. Thecomputer-readable recording medium of claim 21, further including thestep of displaying values which identify the relevance of the selecteddocument to levels in the selected hierarchy.
 23. The computer-readablerecording medium of claim 22, wherein the user interface automaticallyselects a level within the hierarchy in accordance with the analysis ofa selected document.